1) For this exercise the mass excess is used. The needed values are:

• • n: 8.0713171 MeV.
  • ¹H: 7.28897050 MeV.
  • ⁴He: 2.42491656 MeV.
  • ⁵⁶Fe: -60.6054 MeV.
  • ¹⁴²Ce: -84.583 MeV.
  • ²³⁸U: 47.3089 MeV.

1. 1. Calculate the mass of the following nuclei: n, ¹H, ⁵⁶Fe, ¹⁴²Ce and ²³⁸U
   2. Which of these nuclei are the most stable?
   3. Assume that 1.00 kg ²H fuse to give pure ⁴He. What is the change in mass and what is the amount of energy produced (MeV and kWh)?
   4. Assume 1.00 kg ²³³U fission spontaneously and that the products are only ⁹²Rb, ¹²⁸Cs and 3 neutrons per fission. What is the change in mass and what is the energy produced?
   5. Which form of energy associated with fission is the most important? Describe whether or not it is radiation or some other form of energy.

2) Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for ²⁴Mg by using a table or database for atomic mass excess.

3) What is the ratio between the nuclear binding energy and the electron binding energy for ²³Na when the ionization potential of sodium is 5.14 V?

4) Use Einstein’s formula to calculate the mass in kg of the following particles (n = 939.6 MeV, e = 0.511 MeV, u = 931.5 MeV):

1. 1. A neutron.
   2. An electron.
   3. The atomic mass unit “u”.

5) Calculate the average binding energy, given in MeV of the nucleons in the following nuclei:

1. 1. ⁴⁰Ca with mass 29.9627 u.
   2. ⁵⁶Fe with mass 55.9352 u.
   3. ²⁰⁸Pb with mass 207.9775 u.

6) Assume a ²³³U nucleon fissions into a ¹³¹Xe nucleus, a ¹⁰¹Ru nucleus and 3 neutrons. What are their respective energies?

• • ²³⁵U: 40.916 MeV.
  • ¹³¹Xe: -88.421 MeV.
  • ¹⁰¹Ru: -87.952 MeV.
  • Neutron: 8.071 MeV.

7) Assume 200 MeV releases per nucleus when uranium fissions. How far can you drive a car with 1 g of ²³⁵U as fuel when a car uses approximately 1 L of gasoline (density 0.70 g/cm³) for every 10 km? The heat of burning for octane is 5500 kJ/mole and a gasoline engine can utilize 18% of the total energy.

8) Calculate the amount of energy released between a reaction of hydrogen and oxygen compared to the energy released with the creation of He from neutrons and hydrogen (proton + electron).

• • ΔG for H₂O is -237 kJ/mol and 0.0303 u is liberated when two protons two neutrons and two electrons fuse to a He-atom.

9) Determine if fusion of deuterium to helium gives more or less energy per gram than fission of uranium.

10) Explain why we never find more than one stable nuclei in isobar chains with odd number of nucleons, while isobar chains with even number of nucleons can have more than one.

11) Explain where we find nuclei with both β⁺ and β^- disintegration. Why do these nuclei have odd number of protons and odd number of neutrons?